PORTD |= (1<<PD2)<\/code> instead of digitalWrite(2, HIGH)<\/code>. In this article, I would like to address this issue separately.<\/p>\r\nGranted, this is a little \u201cdry\u201d. It doesn\u2019t really get interesting until you apply it. So far, however, due to the size of this topic there has been no room for it in my posts so far. So consider this post as a kind of reference that I will refer to when I use binary logic and port manipulation again.<\/p>\n\n
I will start with logical operations (bitwise operations) and then turn to the ports of the ATmega328P and port manipulation. Then I\u2019ll have a little practical exercise for you. Finally, there is a speed comparison and I answer the question of why port manipulation is so much faster.<\/p>\n\n
Why are logical operations and port manipulation relevant?<\/h2>\n\n
Port manipulation, i.e. direct access to Arduino pins (or other boards or microcontrollers) via its ports, is much faster than the usual Arduino functions. Most of the time it doesn\u2019t matter, but sometimes it does. And the logical operations with their bitwise operators are the tool for this. The grammar, so to speak.<\/p>\r\n\r\n
Actually, I don\u2019t really like the term \u201cport manipulation\u201d. It sounds like it would be forbidden. Basically, however, it is the more natural way to program microcontrollers. digitalWrite<\/code>, pinMode<\/code> and Co, on the other hand, actually obscure the view of what is actually happening at the hardware level.<\/p>\n\nLogical Operations come into play even when you are generally involved in programming registers, such as in sensors. One often has to deal with tasks such as \u201cwrite 101 into the bits 3-5 of the register XY”. This can only be reasonably done with logical (bitwise) operations.<\/p>\r\n\n
Logic operations: the bit operators<\/h2>\n\nBit operators and shift operators<\/h3>\n\n
The main bit operators are:<\/p>\r\n
\r\n \t- &<\/strong> logical AND UND<\/li>\r\n \t
- |<\/strong> logical OR<\/li>\r\n \t
- ^<\/strong> exclusive OR (XOR)<\/li>\r\n \t
- ~<\/strong> negation (NOT)<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n
A major difference from the usual operators such as plus or minus is that the bit operators are applied bit by bit. The shift operators are: <\/p>\r\n
\r\n \t- >><\/strong> right shift<\/li>\r\n \t
- <<<\/strong> left shift<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\n\n
Bit operator AND (&)<\/h4>\n\n
The bit operator AND checks whether the two operands are 1 (true). If this is the case, then the result is 1, otherwise 0 (false).<\/p>\r\n
0 & 0 = 0\r\n1 & 0 = 0\r\n0 & 1 = 0\r\n1 & 1 = 1<\/pre>\r\nApplied to bytes:<\/p>\r\n
0b10011100 & 0b01010111 = 0b00010100<\/pre>\r\n\nBit operator OR (|)<\/h4>\n\n
The bit operator OR checks whether at least<\/em> one of the two operands is 1 (true). If so, then the result is 1, otherwise 0.<\/p>\r\n0 | 0 = 0\r\n1 | 0 = 1\r\n0 | 1 = 1\r\n1 | 1 = 1 <\/pre>\r\nApplied to bytes:<\/p>\r\n
0b10011100 | 0b01010111 = 0b11011111<\/pre>\r\n\nBit operator XOR (^)<\/h4>\n\n
The bit operator XOR checks whether exactly one of the two operands is 1. If this is the case the result is 1, otherwise it is 0. In contrast to OR this operator delivers 0 even if both operands are 1.<\/p>\r\n
0 ^ 0 = 0\r\n1 ^ 0 = 1 \r\n0 ^ 1 = 1 \r\n1 ^ 1 = 0<\/pre>\r\nApplied to bytes:<\/p>\r\n
0b10011100 ^ 0b01010111 = 0b11001011<\/pre>\r\n\nBit operator NOT (~)<\/h4>\n\n
The bit operator NOT has only one operand. NOT reverses the value, so 1 (true) becomes 0 (false) and vice versa.<\/p>\r\n
~0 = 1\r\n~1 = 0<\/pre>\r\nApplied to bytes:<\/p>\r\n
~0b10011100 = 0b01100011<\/pre>\r\n\nShift operators<\/h4>\n\n
Shift operators shift a number bitwise to the right or left. A shift of x digits to the left corresponds to a multiplication of 2x<\/sup>. A shift of x digits to the right corresponds to a division by 2x<\/sup>.<\/p> \r\nShifting to the right eliminates all digits that are moved behind the first digit (LSB = least significant bit). Moving to the left eliminates all digits that are outside the value range of the variable (beyond the MSB = most significant bit).<\/p>\r\n
(0b1 << 1) = 10\r\n(0b101 << 1) = 1010\r\n(0b111 >> 1) = 11\r\n(0b11110000 << 1) = 0b11100000 \/\/ if 0b11110000 has been defined as byte<\/pre>\r\n\nThere are a few pitfalls. What will be the output of the following sketch\r\nshiftoperator_test.ino?\r\n<\/p>\r\n\n
byte a,b,c;\r\nunsigned int d;\r\nint e;\r\n\r\nvoid setup() {\r\n Serial.begin(9600);\r\n a = 0b1111;\r\n b = a<<5;\r\n c = a>>1;\r\n d = a<<5;\r\n e = a<<12;\r\n Serial.print(\"a = \"); Serial.println(a, BIN);\r\n Serial.print(\"b = \"); Serial.println(b, BIN);\r\n Serial.print(\"c = \"); Serial.println(c, BIN);\r\n Serial.print(\"d = \"); Serial.println(d, BIN);\r\n Serial.print(\"e = \"); Serial.println(e, BIN); \r\n Serial.print(\"e(dezimal) = \"); Serial.println(e); \r\n}\r\n\r\nvoid loop() {}<\/pre>\r\n\nHere’s the (expected?) result, if you are using an AVR based board. In case you use a SAMD or ESP32 based board try and replace e = a<<12<\/code> by e = a<<28<\/code> and see what happens.<\/p>\r\n\n![\"Applied](\"https:\/\/wolles-elektronikkiste.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/ausgabe_shift_sketch.png\")
<\/a>Output of the sketch shiftoperator_test.ino<\/figcaption><\/figure>\nThe ports of the Arduino UNO<\/h2>\n\n
The Arduino UNO has fourteen digital I\/O pins (0 \u2013 13) and the six \u201cquasi-analog\u201d I\/O pins A0 to A5. If you look at the data sheet of the ATmega328P, the core of the Arduino, you will find the pins in a different organizational structure.<\/p>\r\n\n![\"Pinout](\"https:\/\/wolles-elektronikkiste.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Pinout-Atmega-328P-vs-Arduino-UNO-1024x495.png\")
<\/a>Pinout of the ATmega328P, left and right of it the Arduino UNO equivalents<\/figcaption><\/figure>\nThe I\/O pins are organized in ports B, C and D. The pin designations are correspondingly PBx, PCx and PDx with x = 0 to a maximum of 7. For these groups there are three 8 bit registers, which I will discuss in a moment, namely DDRx, PORTx and PINx with x = B, C or D.<\/p>\r\n\n
The pins PB6 and PB7 are not accessible when using the Arduino UNO because the 16 MHz clock is hard-wired to them. PC6 is set as reset on the Arduino board and is therefore not accessible as an I\/O pin. PC7 simply does not exist.<\/p>\r\n\n
The data direction registers DDRx<\/h3>\n\n
If you want to use an I\/O pin as input or output, you do this setting in the \u201cArduino language\u201d via the pinMode<\/code> function. In the ATmega328P, the corresponding bits are set in the relevant direction register (DDR = Data Direction Register). Here is the structure of the direction register for port B as an example:<\/p>\r\n\n![\"Data](\"https:\/\/wolles-elektronikkiste.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/DDRB-1024x176.png\")
<\/a>Data Direction register DDRB<\/figcaption><\/figure>\nAs an example, I would like to set the digital pin 13 of the Arduino to OUTPUT. This corresponds to pin PB5 according to the pinout scheme from above. This means that bit No. 5 must be set in the DDRB register. Access to the register is easy. The following assignment is sufficient:<\/p>\r\n
DDRB = 0b100000<\/code> or DDRB = 0x20<\/code> or DDRB = 32<\/code><\/p>\r\nIt’s that easy because \u201cDDRB\u201d contains the necessary instructions via a #define<\/code> statement in the AVR libraries (avr\/io.h –> avr\/iom328p.h):<\/p>\r\n#define DDRB _SFR_IO8(0x04)<\/code><\/p>\r\nIf you want to set several pins of port B to OUTPUT, e.g. pin 5 and pin 3, then the statement looks like this:<\/p>\r\n
DDRB = 0b101000<\/code>, or hexadecimal: DDRB = 0x28<\/code>, or decimal: DDRB = 40<\/code><\/p>\r\n\nThe port data register PORTx<\/h3>\n\n
If you want to set an I\/O pin that you had previously set to OUTPUT into the HIGH state, you will access the responsible port data register (PORTx) as part of port manipulation. Here PORTB as an example:<\/p>\r\n\n![\"PORTB](\"https:\/\/wolles-elektronikkiste.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/PORTB-1024x173.png\")
<\/a>PORTB data register<\/figcaption><\/figure>\nA pin is HIGH if you have set the corresponding bit. To stick to the example above of Arduino pin 13:<\/p>\r\n
PORTB = 0b100000<\/code> equals digitalWrite(13, HIGH)<\/code><\/p>\r\n\nStop! Of course, the equivalence only applies to the effect on pin 13 (PB5) because the first assignment switches all other PORTB pins to LOW. On the other hand, digitalWrite<\/code> is selective.<\/p>\r\n\nThe Port Input Pin Register PINx<\/h3>\n\n
You can query the state, i.e. LOW or HIGH, of an input pin via the corresponding PINx (x = B, C, D) register. For Arduino Pin 13 for example:<\/p>\r\n
PINB == 0b100000<\/code> instead of digitalRead(13)<\/code><\/p>\r\nHere, too, the restriction applies that digitalRead is selective while the PINB query in this form checks whether only<\/em> PB5 is HIGH. <\/p>\r\n\nUse of logical operations in port manipulation<\/h2>\n\nSelective setting of bits<\/h3>\n\n
To selectively<\/em> set a single or multiple bits, one uses the logical OR. For example, you can set PB5 to HIGH without affecting the remaining pins of the PORTB<\/p>\r\nPORTB = PORTB | 0b100000<\/code> or PORTB |= 0b100000<\/code> or, preferrably:<\/p>\r\nPORTB |= (1<<PB5)<\/code><\/p>\r\nPB5 is simply defined as 5 by a #define assignment. So, you might as well write PORTB |= (1<<5)<\/code>. You could even replace PB5 with PC5 or PD5. Of course, this would not be easy to read.<\/p>Several bits, such as PB5 and PB3, are set as follows: <\/p>\r\n
PORTB |= (1<<PB5) | (1<<PB3)<\/code> because:<\/p>\r\n(1<<PB5) | (1<<PB3) = 0b100000 | 0b1000 = 0b101000<\/code> <\/p>\r\nOccasionally, you will also find _BV(x) instead of (1<<x). \u201cBV\u201d stands for bit value. Both are identical as a look into the library file sfr_defs.h shows: <\/p>\r\n
#define _BV(bit) (1 << (bit))<\/code><\/p>\r\n\nSelective deletion of bits<\/h3>\n\n
The selective deletion of bits is also simple, but it is not necessarily obvious at first sight. Again, I take PB5 as an example: <\/p>\r\n
PORTB &= ~(1<<PB5)<\/code>, synonymous with:<\/p>\r\nPORTB &= ~(0b100000)<\/code> or PORTB &= 0b11011111<\/code><\/p>\r\nOf course, you can also delete several bits simultaneously, here for example PB3 and PB5: <\/p>\r\n
PORTB &= ~((1<<PB5)|(1<<PB3))<\/code><\/p>\r\n\nSelective inverting of bits<\/h3>\n\n
The logical XOR is suitable for inverting individual bits. One takes advantage of the fact that ^1<\/code> turns 1 to 0 and vice versa. ^0<\/code>, on the other hand, is neutral. This way you invert PB5 selectively: <\/p>\r\nPORTB ^= (1<<PB5)<\/code><\/p>\r\nOr, if multiple bits shall be inverted:<\/p>\r\n
PORTB ^= (1<<PB5)|(1<<PB3)<\/code><\/p>\r\nIf you want to invert an entire port, two variants are possible: <\/p>\r\n
PORTB = ~PORTB<\/code> or PORTB ^= 0b11111111<\/code><\/p>\r\n\nSelectively querying pin states<\/h3>\n\n
This is no surprise. The expression<\/p>\r\n
PINB & (1<<PB5) <\/code><\/p>\r\nreturns 0, i.e. false if PB5 is LOW. If PB5 is HIGH, then the expression is unequal to zero, i.e. true. The exact value, here 0b100000, i.e. 32, is not relevant.<\/p>\r\n\n
A little exercise sketch<\/h2>\n\n
Now you can try it out if you want. For this purpose, build the following circuit:<\/p>\r\n\n![\"Logical](\"https:\/\/wolles-elektronikkiste.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/PortManipulation_Test-1024x754.png\")
<\/a>Wiring for the Sketch Portmanipulation_test.ino<\/figcaption><\/figure>\nThen try the following sketch and play around with it a bit. Does it do what you have expected?<\/p>\r\n\n
int dTime = 2000; \/\/delay time \r\n\r\nvoid setup(){ \r\n DDRD = 0xFF; \r\n} \r\n\r\nvoid loop() { \r\n PORTD = 0b10101010; \r\n delay(dTime); \r\n PORTD |= (1<<PD6); \r\n delay(dTime); \r\n PORTD ^= (1<<PD6)|(1<<PD7);\r\n delay(dTime);\r\n PORTD |= (1<<PD0)|(1<<PD2)|(1<<PD4); \r\n delay(dTime); \r\n PORTD = (PORTD >> 3); \r\n delay(dTime); \r\n PORTD &= ~((1<<PD0)|(1<<PD2)); \r\n delay(dTime); \r\n PORTD = ~PORTD; \r\n delay(dTime);\r\n }<\/pre>\r\n <\/p>\r\n\n
Port manipulation on other microcontrollers<\/h2>\n\n
Transferring what you have just learned about port manipulation to other microcontrollers is easy, at least as far as AVR representatives like ATmegas and ATtinys are concerned. A look at the pinout scheme, which you will find in the data sheet, is usually sufficient. For example, the ATtinys 25 \/ 45 \/ 85 have only PORTB with pins PB0 to PB5:<\/p>\r\n\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/wolles-elektronikkiste.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/06\/Attiny25_45_85-1-1024x187.png\")
<\/a>Pinout of the ATtiny 25 or 45 or 85<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n85For non-AVR microcontrollers, direct port access can vary widely. For example, for the ESP8266 ESP01, there is one register for setting the bits and another for deleting them:<\/p>\r\n
GPOS |= (1<<Pin)<\/code> for HIGH, or GPOC |= (1<<Pin)<\/code> for LOW<\/p>\r\n\nA small speed test<\/h2>\n\nPort manipulation vs. digitalWrite<\/h3>\n\n
How much differs port manipulation from digitalWrite<\/code> in terms of speed? To clarify this question, I used the following mini sketch and looked at the result of both methods on the oscilloscope.<\/p>\r\n\nvoid setup() {\r\n DDRD = 0xFF;\r\n}\r\n\r\nvoid loop() {\r\n \/\/PORTD |= (1<<PD3);\r\n \/\/PORTD &= ~(1<<PD3);\r\n digitalWrite(3, HIGH);\r\n digitalWrite(3, LOW);\r\n}<\/pre>\r\n\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/wolles-elektronikkiste.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Frequenz_mit_DW.png\")
<\/a>Maximum frequency with digitalWrite<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/wolles-elektronikkiste.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Frequenz_mit_PM.png\")
<\/a>Maximum frequency with port manipulation<\/figcaption><\/figure>\nHIGH\/LOW cycles, when using digitalWrite<\/code>, have a maximum frequency of 113 kHz, with port manipulation it is 2 MHz, so a good 17 times faster. 2 MHz means that only 8 processor clocks per cycle are required.<\/p>\r\n\nPort manipulation vs. digitalRead<\/h3>\n\n
To determine the speed of digitalRead<\/code> vs. PINx &= (1<<Pin)<\/code> I used both 100,000 times and determined the time required to do so.<\/p>\r\n\nunsigned long numberOfReads = 100000;\r\nunsigned long startTime = 0;\r\nunsigned long readTimeLength = 0;\r\nbool pinStatus;\r\n\r\nvoid setup() {\r\n Serial.begin(9600); \r\n pinMode(5,INPUT); \r\n}\r\n\r\nvoid loop() {\r\n startTime = millis();\r\n for(unsigned long i=0; i<numberOfReads; i++){\r\n pinStatus = digitalRead(5);\r\n }\r\n readTimeLength = millis() - startTime;\r\n Serial.print(\"digitalRead: \");\r\n Serial.print(readTimeLength);\r\n Serial.print(\" ms \");\r\n Serial.print(\" \/ \");\r\n delay(1000);\r\n \r\n startTime = millis();\r\n for(unsigned long i=0; i<numberOfReads; i++){\r\n pinStatus = (PIND & (1<<PD5));\r\n }\r\n readTimeLength = millis() - startTime;\r\n Serial.print(\"PIND Abfrage: \"); \r\n Serial.print(readTimeLength);\r\n Serial.println(\" ms\");\r\n delay(5000);\r\n}<\/pre>\r\n\nThe result:<\/p>\r\n\n![\"digitalRead](\"https:\/\/wolles-elektronikkiste.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/c_vs_arduino_output.png\")
<\/a>digitalRead vs. direct PINx query<\/figcaption><\/figure>\nThe direct PIND query is therefore a good eight times faster than digitalRead<\/code>. Division by 100000 shows that the digitalRead<\/code> function requires about 3.5 \u00b5s, while direct querying only takes about 0.44 \u00b5s. Of course, this is not exactly the case, as the loop processing itself takes some time. But it shows at least that the difference is significant. <\/p>\r\n\nWhere does the difference come from?<\/h3>\n\n
The reason for difference in speed is that digitalRead<\/code> and digitalWrite<\/code> do much more than the simple port manipulation functions. The additional measures that digitalRead<\/code> and digitalWrite<\/code> take, make the functions more robust against errors. If you don\u2019t need the speed gain due to port manipulation, then you can still use digitalRead<\/code> and digitalWrite<\/code>. As an example here is the definition of the digitalWrite<\/code> function that you can find in the file Arduino\\hardware\\arduino\\avr\\cores\\arduino\\wiring_digital.c\r\n<\/p>\r\n\nvoid digitalWrite(uint8_t pin, uint8_t val)\r\n{\r\n uint8_t timer = digitalPinToTimer(pin);\r\n uint8_t bit = digitalPinToBitMask(pin);\r\n uint8_t port = digitalPinToPort(pin);\r\n volatile uint8_t *out;\r\n\r\n if (port == NOT_A_PIN) return;\r\n\r\n \/\/ If the pin that support PWM output, we need to turn it off\r\n \/\/ before doing a digital write.\r\n if (timer != NOT_ON_TIMER) turnOffPWM(timer);\r\n\r\n out = portOutputRegister(port);\r\n\r\n uint8_t oldSREG = SREG;\r\n cli();\r\n\r\n if (val == LOW) {\r\n *out &= ~bit;\r\n } else {\r\n *out |= bit;\r\n }\r\n\r\n SREG = oldSREG;\r\n}<\/pre>\r\n <\/p>\r\n\n
Acknowledgement<\/h2>\n\n
I have taken the Arduino in the post image from Daan Lenaerts<\/a> on Pixabay<\/a>. The zeros and ones (which I cut out, colored and inserted as a layer) I owe to Gerd Altmann<\/a>, also on Pixabay<\/a>.<\/p>\r\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Portmanipulation is much faster than the classic Arduino functions. For this, logical operations are the basic tool. Both will be explained in this article. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":8269,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[543],"tags":[956,556,961,967,968,960,972,963,964,965,958,970],"class_list":["post-9732","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-boards-and-microcontrollers","tag-_bv-en","tag-arduino-en-2","tag-bitwise-operators","tag-digitalread-en","tag-digitalwrite-en","tag-logical-operations-en","tag-port-manipulation-en-2","tag-portb-en-2","tag-portc-en","tag-portd-en","tag-portmanipulation-en","tag-speed"],"yoast_head":"\n
Logical operations and port manipulation • Wolles Elektronikkiste<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Portmanipulation is much faster than the classic Arduino functions. For this, logical operations are the basic tool. Both will be explained in this article.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/wolles-elektronikkiste.de\/en\/logical-operations-and-port-manipulation\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Logical operations and port manipulation • Wolles Elektronikkiste\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Portmanipulation is much faster than the classic Arduino functions. For this, logical operations are the basic tool. Both will be explained in this article.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/wolles-elektronikkiste.de\/en\/logical-operations-and-port-manipulation\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Wolles Elektronikkiste\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2020-11-19T12:43:02+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2022-08-04T15:47:08+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/wolles-elektronikkiste.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Beitragsbild.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1280\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1280\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Wolfgang Ewald\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Wolfgang Ewald\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"11 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/wolles-elektronikkiste.de\\\/en\\\/logical-operations-and-port-manipulation#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/wolles-elektronikkiste.de\\\/en\\\/logical-operations-and-port-manipulation\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Wolfgang Ewald\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/wolles-elektronikkiste.de\\\/en#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/b774e4d64b4766889a2f7c6e5ec85b46\"},\"headline\":\"Logical operations and port manipulation\",\"datePublished\":\"2020-11-19T12:43:02+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2022-08-04T15:47:08+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/wolles-elektronikkiste.de\\\/en\\\/logical-operations-and-port-manipulation\"},\"wordCount\":1818,\"commentCount\":10,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/wolles-elektronikkiste.de\\\/en#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/b774e4d64b4766889a2f7c6e5ec85b46\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/wolles-elektronikkiste.de\\\/en\\\/logical-operations-and-port-manipulation#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/wolles-elektronikkiste.de\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2019\\\/12\\\/Beitragsbild.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"_BV\",\"Arduino\",\"bitwise operators\",\"digitalread\",\"digitalwrite\",\"logical operations\",\"port manipulation\",\"PortB\",\"PORTC\",\"PORTD\",\"portmanipulation\",\"speed\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Boards and Microcontrollers\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/wolles-elektronikkiste.de\\\/en\\\/logical-operations-and-port-manipulation#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/wolles-elektronikkiste.de\\\/en\\\/logical-operations-and-port-manipulation\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/wolles-elektronikkiste.de\\\/en\\\/logical-operations-and-port-manipulation\",\"name\":\"Logical operations and port manipulation • Wolles Elektronikkiste\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/wolles-elektronikkiste.de\\\/en#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/wolles-elektronikkiste.de\\\/en\\\/logical-operations-and-port-manipulation#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/wolles-elektronikkiste.de\\\/en\\\/logical-operations-and-port-manipulation#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/wolles-elektronikkiste.de\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2019\\\/12\\\/Beitragsbild.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2020-11-19T12:43:02+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2022-08-04T15:47:08+00:00\",\"description\":\"Portmanipulation is much faster than the classic Arduino functions. For this, logical operations are the basic tool. Both will be explained in this article.\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/wolles-elektronikkiste.de\\\/en\\\/logical-operations-and-port-manipulation#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/wolles-elektronikkiste.de\\\/en\\\/logical-operations-and-port-manipulation\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/wolles-elektronikkiste.de\\\/en\\\/logical-operations-and-port-manipulation#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/wolles-elektronikkiste.de\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2019\\\/12\\\/Beitragsbild.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/wolles-elektronikkiste.de\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2019\\\/12\\\/Beitragsbild.jpg\",\"width\":1280,\"height\":1280},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/wolles-elektronikkiste.de\\\/en\\\/logical-operations-and-port-manipulation#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Startseite\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/wolles-elektronikkiste.de\\\/en\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Logical operations and port manipulation\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/wolles-elektronikkiste.de\\\/en#website\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/wolles-elektronikkiste.de\\\/en\",\"name\":\"Wolles Elektronikkiste\",\"description\":\"Die wunderbare Welt der Elektronik\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/wolles-elektronikkiste.de\\\/en#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/b774e4d64b4766889a2f7c6e5ec85b46\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\\\/\\\/wolles-elektronikkiste.de\\\/en?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":[\"Person\",\"Organization\"],\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/wolles-elektronikkiste.de\\\/en#\\\/schema\\\/person\\\/b774e4d64b4766889a2f7c6e5ec85b46\",\"name\":\"Wolfgang Ewald\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/wolles-elektronikkiste.de\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2019\\\/03\\\/cropped-Logo-1.png\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/wolles-elektronikkiste.de\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2019\\\/03\\\/cropped-Logo-1.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/wolles-elektronikkiste.de\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2019\\\/03\\\/cropped-Logo-1.png\",\"width\":512,\"height\":512,\"caption\":\"Wolfgang Ewald\"},\"logo\":{\"@id\":\"https:\\\/\\\/wolles-elektronikkiste.de\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2019\\\/03\\\/cropped-Logo-1.png\"}}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Logical operations and port manipulation • Wolles Elektronikkiste","description":"Portmanipulation is much faster than the classic Arduino functions. For this, logical operations are the basic tool. Both will be explained in this article.","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/wolles-elektronikkiste.de\/en\/logical-operations-and-port-manipulation","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Logical operations and port manipulation • Wolles Elektronikkiste","og_description":"Portmanipulation is much faster than the classic Arduino functions. For this, logical operations are the basic tool. Both will be explained in this article.","og_url":"https:\/\/wolles-elektronikkiste.de\/en\/logical-operations-and-port-manipulation","og_site_name":"Wolles Elektronikkiste","article_published_time":"2020-11-19T12:43:02+00:00","article_modified_time":"2022-08-04T15:47:08+00:00","og_image":[{"width":1280,"height":1280,"url":"https:\/\/wolles-elektronikkiste.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Beitragsbild.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"author":"Wolfgang Ewald","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"Wolfgang Ewald","Est. reading time":"11 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/wolles-elektronikkiste.de\/en\/logical-operations-and-port-manipulation#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/wolles-elektronikkiste.de\/en\/logical-operations-and-port-manipulation"},"author":{"name":"Wolfgang Ewald","@id":"https:\/\/wolles-elektronikkiste.de\/en#\/schema\/person\/b774e4d64b4766889a2f7c6e5ec85b46"},"headline":"Logical operations and port manipulation","datePublished":"2020-11-19T12:43:02+00:00","dateModified":"2022-08-04T15:47:08+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/wolles-elektronikkiste.de\/en\/logical-operations-and-port-manipulation"},"wordCount":1818,"commentCount":10,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/wolles-elektronikkiste.de\/en#\/schema\/person\/b774e4d64b4766889a2f7c6e5ec85b46"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/wolles-elektronikkiste.de\/en\/logical-operations-and-port-manipulation#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/wolles-elektronikkiste.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Beitragsbild.jpg","keywords":["_BV","Arduino","bitwise operators","digitalread","digitalwrite","logical operations","port manipulation","PortB","PORTC","PORTD","portmanipulation","speed"],"articleSection":["Boards and Microcontrollers"],"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/wolles-elektronikkiste.de\/en\/logical-operations-and-port-manipulation#respond"]}]},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/wolles-elektronikkiste.de\/en\/logical-operations-and-port-manipulation","url":"https:\/\/wolles-elektronikkiste.de\/en\/logical-operations-and-port-manipulation","name":"Logical operations and port manipulation • Wolles Elektronikkiste","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/wolles-elektronikkiste.de\/en#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/wolles-elektronikkiste.de\/en\/logical-operations-and-port-manipulation#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/wolles-elektronikkiste.de\/en\/logical-operations-and-port-manipulation#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/wolles-elektronikkiste.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Beitragsbild.jpg","datePublished":"2020-11-19T12:43:02+00:00","dateModified":"2022-08-04T15:47:08+00:00","description":"Portmanipulation is much faster than the classic Arduino functions. For this, logical operations are the basic tool. Both will be explained in this article.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/wolles-elektronikkiste.de\/en\/logical-operations-and-port-manipulation#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/wolles-elektronikkiste.de\/en\/logical-operations-and-port-manipulation"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/wolles-elektronikkiste.de\/en\/logical-operations-and-port-manipulation#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/wolles-elektronikkiste.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Beitragsbild.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/wolles-elektronikkiste.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Beitragsbild.jpg","width":1280,"height":1280},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/wolles-elektronikkiste.de\/en\/logical-operations-and-port-manipulation#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Startseite","item":"https:\/\/wolles-elektronikkiste.de\/en"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Logical operations and port manipulation"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/wolles-elektronikkiste.de\/en#website","url":"https:\/\/wolles-elektronikkiste.de\/en","name":"Wolles Elektronikkiste","description":"Die wunderbare Welt der Elektronik","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/wolles-elektronikkiste.de\/en#\/schema\/person\/b774e4d64b4766889a2f7c6e5ec85b46"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/wolles-elektronikkiste.de\/en?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":["Person","Organization"],"@id":"https:\/\/wolles-elektronikkiste.de\/en#\/schema\/person\/b774e4d64b4766889a2f7c6e5ec85b46","name":"Wolfgang Ewald","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/wolles-elektronikkiste.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/cropped-Logo-1.png","url":"https:\/\/wolles-elektronikkiste.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/cropped-Logo-1.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/wolles-elektronikkiste.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/cropped-Logo-1.png","width":512,"height":512,"caption":"Wolfgang Ewald"},"logo":{"@id":"https:\/\/wolles-elektronikkiste.de\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/cropped-Logo-1.png"}}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/wolles-elektronikkiste.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9732","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/wolles-elektronikkiste.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/wolles-elektronikkiste.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wolles-elektronikkiste.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wolles-elektronikkiste.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9732"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/wolles-elektronikkiste.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9732\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wolles-elektronikkiste.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/8269"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/wolles-elektronikkiste.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9732"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wolles-elektronikkiste.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=9732"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/wolles-elektronikkiste.de\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=9732"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}